一、核心定义:什么是 “疑问词 + 不定式”?
- 结构构成:疑问词(who/what/when/where/how/which)+ 不定式(to do)
- 本质作用:替代 “疑问词引导的名词性从句”,让句子更简洁(避免重复的主语 / 谓语)
- 语法属性:整体作名词用,可承担主语、宾语、表语、同位语等成分
二、简化原理:哪些名词性从句能被简化?
关键前提:
原从句需满足 “主语一致”—— 从句的主语和主句主语 / 宾语一致(若不一致,需补 “for sb”,见下文注意事项)
1. 简化宾语从句(最常用)
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原从句(宾语从句)
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简化后(疑问词 + 不定式)
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I don’t know what I should do next.
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I don’t know what to do next.
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She asked how she could get to the station.
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She asked how to get to the station.
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He can’t decide which book he should buy.
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He can’t decide which book to buy.
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2. 简化主语从句
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原从句(主语从句)
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简化后(疑问词 + 不定式)
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When we will start the project is unknown.
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When to start the project is unknown.
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What we need to prepare for the exam is clear.
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What to prepare for the exam is clear.
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3. 简化表语从句
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原从句(表语从句)
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简化后(疑问词 + 不定式)
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The problem is how we can solve it.
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The problem is how to solve it.
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My question is who I should ask for help.
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My question is who to ask for help.
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三、适用疑问词清单(避坑!)
✅ 可用于简化的疑问词:
- 疑问代词:who(谁)、what(什么)、which(哪一个)
- 疑问副词:when(何时)、where(何地)、how(如何)
❌ 不可用于简化的 “连接词”:
- that:无实际意义,无法引导 “疑问词 + 不定式”(例:I think that I should go → 不能简化为 “I think that to go”)
- because:表原因,只能引导状语从句,不接不定式(例:I know why he left → 可简化为 “I know why to leave”;但 “I know because he told me”→ 不能简化)
四、关键注意事项(易出错点)
1. 从句与主句主语不一致:补 “for sb”
当原从句主语 ≠ 主句主语 / 宾语时,需在不定式前加 “for sb”,明确逻辑主语:
- 原句:He told me what I should do(从句主语 I ≠ 主句主语 He)
- 简化:He told me what for me to do(更自然:He told me what I should do → 若强行简化,需补 for me,但日常更常用原句;优先在主语一致时简化)
- 正确案例:She found a way for us to finish the work fast(替代 “a way that we could finish...”)
2. 不定式的 “及物性” 要匹配
疑问词若作不定式的宾语,不定式后无需加宾语(避免重复):
- 错误:I don’t know what to do it(do 的宾语是 what,无需加 it)
- 正确:I don’t know what to do / I don’t know how to do it(how 作方式状语,do 需补宾语 it)
3. “whether” 的特殊用法
whether 可引导名词性从句,简化时保留 whether(不用 if!):
- 原句:I’m not sure whether I should accept the offer
- 简化:I’m not sure whether to accept the offer
五、高频应用场景
- 跟在 “疑问类动词” 后:know, wonder, decide, ask, learn...
(例:She wondered where to park her car.)
- 跟在 “名词” 后:question, way, time, plan...
(例:We need a plan how to save money.)
- 作 “介词宾语”(注意:不能直接跟在介词后,需先接名词)
(例:I have no idea about what to do → 正确;I have no idea about to do → 错误)
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